Kant vs. Mill - 1576 Words

Kant vs Mills in Animal Rights In this essay I will cover the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. I will begin by covering Kant perspective of rational beings and his idea of a priori learning. I will then move on to his idea of categorical imparaitive. After Kant I will discuss Mill’s utilitarian theory regarding pleasure and pain. With a better understanding of those I will move to Mill’s idea of a posteriori and hypothetical imperative. Following the ideas of these philosophers I will attempt to depict their viewpoints of the issue of animal cruelty through experimentation. To conclude the essay I will state my stance and who’s side, if either, I take in the animal cruelty controversy. First, I will talk†¦show more content†¦The people saved produced more happiness than the pain of one death. On the other hand, had someone killed Hitler and a more deviant person taken Hitler’s position, and retaliated by capturing and killing eve n more innocent people the act of killing Hitler would have been morally wrong. At no point is the act of killing wrong just the consequence that it produces. Mills believes the highest good will follow the principle of utility. The principle of utility argues that actions that produce the most happiness are the morally correct thing to do. Therefore the basis of the consequences determines what we are morally obligated to do. Mills thinks that we should know what to do based on experience and observation, also known as a posteriori. This is opposite from Kant believing that those factors should not count in moral decisions. Mill also believes that actions should be made in order to gain other things, this is call hypothetical imperative. With a better understanding of these philosophers I would like to put them in a debate over animal rights. Focusing on kant’s arguments, I believe that he would share my overall idea that animals do not possess rights. Kant believes that onl y humans beings are rational due to the fact that only humans can conceive, compose, and understand statements that can become universal laws. I believe that animals cannot learn in an a priori manner because they are tied to instinctive and stimulusShow MoreRelatedKant And Mill Vs. Mill2026 Words   |  9 Pagesalongside modern philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. In this essay I will argue, utilizing theories from Kant and Mill and incorporating my own ideas in support, that virtue is the ultimate key to living a fulfilling life. In support of my position, I will cite theories from both Kant and Mill, as well as related concepts from other philosophers, including the â€Å"experience machine.† Mill is noted for his theory on utilitarianism. According to Mill, utility is equated with happiness, andRead MoreKant Vs. Mill : The Battle Of Morality1910 Words   |  8 PagesKant vs. Mill: The Battle of Morality Section I Immanuel Kant states that moral law must be discovered through a priori investigation in order for it to be universal. He rejects that moral law can be discovered through empirical feelings or experiences. He says, â€Å"All philosophy insofar as it is founded on experience may be called empirical, while that which sets forth its doctrines as founded entirely on a priori principles may be called pure† (Kant 1). Kant values a priori knowledge on a higherRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant2163 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant The aim of this paper is to clearly depict how John Stuart Mill’s belief to do good for all is more appropriate for our society than Immanuel Kant’s principle that it is better to do whats morally just. I will explain why Mill’s theory served as a better guide to moral behavior and differentiate between the rights and responsibilities of human beings to themselves and society. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of moralityRead MoreThe Mill Vs. Kant : An Evaluation Of Their Approaches Towards Ethics1730 Words   |  7 Pages Mill vs. Kant: An Evaluation of their Approaches Towards Ethics John Stuart Mill and Emmanuel Kant both have very distinct ideals and principles. Though they were both philosophers within the same century, but their ideals did not align with each other. Mill focused more on overall happiness, while Kant focused more on the reasons people have for committing certain actions. This is important because it makes the validity of actions and their moral worth put in question. The problem being addressedRead MoreEssay on Kant Vs Mill on the Issue of Lying1764 Words   |  8 Pagesdetails later on including the patient’s state, but to answer this ethical question, two theorists will be presented for the con and pro side. For the con side, the deontologist Immanuel Kant will be presented with his theory that lying is prohibited under all circumstances, as for the pro side, John Stuart Mill will be presented for the utilitarian theory stating that whichever decision brings out the most happiness is the right decision. After discussing the case, my personal view of what is rightRead MoreEssay Kant vs. Mill: Human Rights and Utilitarianism1729 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its justification of human rights, especially the ideals of moral autonomy and equality as applied to rational human beings. John Stuart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especially his belief that utility isRead MorePsychological and Ethical Egoism, Mill vs Kant, and Ethical Relativism904 Words   |  4 Pagesthat an individual’s actions revolve around what is right or wrong in the sense of morality. They focus more on the virtues they can acquire by doing good things so that they may have a good and respectable life. Topic 2 Compare and contrast Mill and Kant on the question of moral obligation. In particular, explain and explore the differences between them on matters of the relevance of an action’s consequences to its rightness or wrongness. Moral obligation is a term that describes a belief thatRead MoreKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will begin by explaining the overall views of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, then compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Kant and Mill on Animal Ethics. I believe that Kant, the deontologist, will not care as much about the duty/responsibility between humans and animals as Mill, the utilitarian, who will see the extreme importance of animal ethics. After studying and explaining the views and teachings of these two philosophers I will see if my thesis was correct,Read MoreThe Moral Dispute Of John Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1500 Words   |  6 Pagespath is taking the most ethical path rendering reward with heaven. Aristotle’s theory and argument will be explored further in this review along with the works of some of his successors. The Moral Dispute John Stuart Mill vs Immanuel Kant Philosopher John Stuart Mill’s theory highlights utilitarianism and Kantian theory would be the total opposite. Mill’s position links happiness with morality and focused solely on the outcomes of an action. Philosopher John Kant’s theory emphasizesRead MoreThe Differences Between Moral Motivation1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe differences between moral motivation in Groundworks and Utilitarianism Among the history of moral philosophy, two major philosophers, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill from the 18th and 19th century have come up with two different moral theories for the moral philosophy. Kant had established his view of moral in his bookâ€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of morals† and claimed that motivation of an actions are based on duty and reason. On the other hand, Mill’s idea is that actions base

Breast Feeding versus Bottle Feeding - 562 Words

How to feed the baby is a personal decision which should be taken after careful consideration of all the relevant facts. Feeding a baby could be done either as breast feeding or bottle feeding. Breast feeding is the feeding of a baby directly from the breast milk of a female human breast whereas bottle feeding is referred to as feeding a baby with milk from a nursing bottle. Many people argue that breast feeding is the most beneficial way of feeding a baby. In contrast to this view, others argue that there is not any real significant difference between breast feeding and bottle feeding. Therefore, in this essay, both the benefits and drawbacks of breast feeding and bottle feeding will be analyzed. Presence of appropriate amounts of nutrients in the breast milk makes it the best food for babies. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (2011), this milk is very rich in nutrients and anti ¬bodies to protect your baby. Mother’s antibodies which are present in the breast milk helps the baby to resist infections. Nutrients present in the breast milk includes Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fat. It also contains vitamins, minerals and hormones that infants require. The cells, hormones, and antibodies in breast milk protect babies from illness (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health, 2011). However, as bottle milk is an artificially prepared one, there is a higher probability that bottle feeding may not provideShow MoreRelatedBreast Feeding Versus Bottle Feeding886 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding Versus Bottle Feeding There are many different myths and opinions about breast-feeding and how it is beneficial for a child, some women and even men choose to view the breast as a sexual object, although in reality it is meant for the purpose of nourishing an infant. As for the other half of women around the world, many believe breast-feeding is the most natural way to feed a child as they receive the vitamins and minerals a youngster needs to grow up strong. Breast-Feeding and BottleRead MoreGuidelines Of Guidelines Regarding Milk Banks Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits of providing a time and place to express milk. There is information available from La Leche League that can be given to the employer. There are supporting programs also, like (WIC) Woman Infant and child program is for both breast feeding moms and bottle feeding moms. According to WIC is a federal program designed to provide food to low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants and children until the age of five. The program provides a combination of nutrition educationRead MoreBreast Feeding vs Bottle Feeding2073 Words   |  9 PagesBreastfeeding versus Formula Feeding Your family is expecting a newborn baby within the next couple of months. This event in someone’s life will change their lives forever and can be a very exciting and exhausting change. Although you may be excited and impatient for the baby’s arrival, this event can cause a lot of stress on the family. While your lives are completely changing; there are things you need to do to prepare yourself and there are many important decisions that need to be made. DecisionsRead MoreEarly Childhood Development: Breastfeeding and Child Milestones632 Words   |  3 Pagesone of the many new questions she will have is should I breast feed or bottle-feed my new son or daughter? As a future health care provider it is very important that we can properly educate the mother on the best choice for her health as well as the baby’s. While bottle-feeding may be the easiest and quickest way to feed a newborn, it’s hardly the most nutritional option. The CDC (center for dieses control) released a statement saying, â€Å"Breast milk is widely acknowledged as the most complete formRead MoreBaby Rohan Jameson Ramjit Is Growing Healthy As Ever1399 Words   |  6 PagesDuring these past 7 months, I have gained so much love for someone I have never met before. Being 24 years old and becoming a mother has changed my views on life. Learning so much about caring for a newborn has brought on the thought of bottle feeding or breast feeding and trying to figure out which one is safer for his health. Children enter this world helpless, trying to understand their new environment and learning their new touch. Infants depend on the caring individuals around them, especiallyRead MoreThe Health Organization And The American Academy Of Pediatrics Recommend Exclusive Breastfeeding1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbiologically built to make a unique substance to ensure the survival of its offspring, natural milk. The properties found in this one of a kin d food provide all the infant needs in the required amount. That being said, babies are born to be breastfed. Breast milk is the most natural and necessary food for infants. The World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. When faced with the decision of whether or not to breastfeedRead MoreBreast Feeding And Bottle Feeding2724 Words   |  11 Pages Breast Feeding and Bottle Feeding in Relation to Nursing Practice By Stephen Samson 201201274 Presented to Dr. Judith Cormier Nursing 355:10 Perinatal Nursing Department of Nursing St. Francis Xavier University October 7, 2014 Abstract Research has shown that nursing implications have an impact on breast-feeding and bottle-feeding; the main three aspects that allow nurses to have an impact are teaching, collaboration, and support. Under these three sections there willRead More Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay669 Words   |  3 Pagesbaby. Breast milk works as an all in one nutritional supplement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breast milk works as a thirst quencher, medication, food supplement and for the mother it works as a weight loss program with no equal. Although, there are formulas that can be used for replacing breast milk, they do not have the same supplements as the natural milk from the mother. The American Academy of Pediatrics â€Å"†¦recommends that babies be breast-fed for six to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk isRead MoreHealth Professionals Attitudes Towards The Promotion Of Breastfeeding1679 Words   |  7 Pageswhether or not the health professional’s opinion on breastfeeding matters to the new mother. Breastfeeding is the feeding of babies or young children with milk from a female breast. The international breastfeeding journal recognizes breastfeeding as a very important public health issue with gigantic social and economic implications. The journal also reports that infants who do not receive breast milk are likely to experience poorer health outcomes than breastfed infants and that mothers who do not breastfeedRead MoreInfant Formul Just As Healthy1873 Words   |  8 Pagesyou should feed your newborn? Breast milk or infant formula? Or have you ever considered why so many mothers prefer to breastfeed versus bottled formula? If so, you may find your answers to your questions here. What is breast milk you say? Breast milk is simply defined as the milk produced from the breast of a female that is intended for newborn babies. You ask what is infant formula? Infant formula is considered to be a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding babies and infants usually

Business Law Intent and Capacity

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor Intent and Capacity. Answer: Step 1 The legal issue here is whether was a clear offer and acceptance between the parties, for the formation of a valid contract. Step 2 A contract is a legally binding document, under which a promise is exchanged for a consideration, to do or refrain from doing some act, between two or more parties. In order to form a valid contract, it needs to have the essential elements of the contract. This includes, an offer, an acceptance, consideration, intent, capacity and the clarity regarding terms of the contract (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). An offer is the expression which showcases the willingness to contract. On the other hand, invitation to treat is the expression which showcases the willingness to negotiate, and is different from an invitation to treat (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). In general, the advertisements in newspapers are treated as an invitation to treat, where the advertising party is not under the obligation to complete the sale, as an expression is made, instead of an offer. This was also established in the case of Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204. But when an advertisement is such that it contains a unilateral offer, it is termed as an offer, and not an invitation to treat (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256, the defendant had advertised to pay 100 to a person who would sniff the smoked ball in the stated way, and still catch influenza. This was taken as a unilateral offer and the defendant was contractually obliged to pay the stated amount to the plaintiff. In order to form a valid offer, it has to be sufficiently complete. In other words, it has to clearly state what is being offered and on what terms. Further, the offer has to be promissory; it has to contain a promise, which is to be accepted by the other party. In the case of Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969) 121 CLR 353, the judges held that the promise was illusory, due to the total discretion of the defendant to determine the payable amount (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). There should be an intention that if the offer is accepted, it would result in a contract. for instance, in the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6, the intention of the parties was taken to be an invitation to treat, and not an offer to form the legal relations. The offer has to be made to a specified group or a person, and can even be made to the world as was seen in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. The offer has to be accepted before it is expired, withdrawn or a counter offer has been made regarding the same (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). The next essential of a contract is acceptance. In order to form a valid acceptance the offer has to be accepted as was made, while it was still in existence. The acceptance has to be made by the person to whom it has been made, and in the acceptable form. The acceptance can be instantaneous, i.e. through phone, fax or face to face (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). The other essentials of contract include consideration, which can be anything decided between the parties, as long as it has an economic consideration. The parties to contract should be of legal age and of sound mind, to have the contractual capacity. And lastly, the terms of the contract should be clear to the contracting parties. When an offer is revoked, it has to be communicated to the party to which the offer was made (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). This can be done directly or indirectly. In the case of Errington v Errington Woods [1952] 1 KB 290, a unilateral offer was made by the father, and the courts decided that as long as the payment was being made by the daughter in law, along with his son, the offer of the father cannot be revoked. The reasoning behind this judgment was the party has acted over a promise; the father or his widow could not reject it. And so, if an offerree has relied on the offer and has embarked upon it, such an offer cannot be revoked or terminated. Further, there is a general rule that if an offer is made in a particular manner, then the revocation can be communicated in the same manner. Step 3 In the given case, an advertisement was made by Organic Burgers, in the radio, TV and newspapers, regarding its promotion. This advertisement was aimed at attracting the customers, into buying the product. So, this was an offer, as the intention was to get the customers to purchase the product. Here, the company had made a unilateral offer, to the ones listening to, watching or reading about the offer. As was held in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, a unilateral offer was an offer. The company, on realizing its mistake, revoked the offer. The revocation was made in the manner in which the advertisement was made, i.e., through radio, TV and newspapers. Since, the same mode was used, the revocation cannot be denied. Jonathan had not seen the media publishing, but he was aware that the offer had been revoked. There was a clarity regarding the conditions of the offer, along with the parties having the contractual capacity. The intention was clear to enter into the contract. But by purchasing the requisite 25 burgers, Jonathon accepted this offer. An offer cannot be revoked once acceptance has been gained. Further, applying the verdict of Errington v Errington Woods in this case, a unilateral offer was made, and as Jonathan had embarked upon it, so the offer cannot be revoked or terminated in this case. As the offer had already been accepted, the condition of hearing or not hearing the revocation of offer is not of importance here. As a valid contract was formed, the company is liable to honor the terms of the contract. And in case it fails to do so, the company would be in a breach. In the case of Amanda, the offer was present and she had the tickets. The offer was made to the world at large, and so, anyone could accept it, provided they fulfilled the conditions stated in the offer. The condition was to get 25 coupons, and never stated that the boxes had to be bought. So, Amanda fulfilled the condition and was validly offered the offer. She had accepted the offer when she entered the office to redeem the prize. The offer was accepted as it was, and it was still in existence when she accepted it. The acceptance was made in an instantaneous manner, as Amanda went to the office to communicate her acceptance. Here also, a contract was formed, and so, the company is again liable to give the car to Amanda. Step 4 From the above analysis, it can be concluded that a valid offer and acceptance was present in case of both Jonathon and Amanda. And, a legally binding contract was formed in both the cases. So, Organic Burgers is obliged to provide both of them the promised car. References Lambiris, M., Griffin, L. (2016). First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH.

Osmosis Lab Report Sample

Osmosis Lab Report Paper The progress in which a cell is in its balanced state is called equilibrium. Diffusion is a functioning way for cells to reach their equilibrium. Equilibrium is reached by controlling what enters and exits the cell through a cell membrane that selectively filters molecules by slowing down their movement, allowing them to pass through, or not allowing them to pass through the membrane. Diffusion and osmosis go hand-in-hand. Osmosis is generally the same as diffusion, however, deals solely with water. Osmotic pressure is the pressure of a solution against a semi-permeable membrane to prevent water from flowing into the membrane. In this lab, we are going to study ethnicity; ethnicity is the measure of this osmotic pressure and is the differential of pressure twine two solutions separated by a selective membrane. To help identify the relative concentrations of solute particles of different solutions, we must understand that there are three possible differences in concentrations between a cell and its environment. The terms hypotonic, hypersonic, and isotonic are used in referring to the identification of the possible relative concentrations. The first term, hypotonic, is the solution that contains lower concentrations of solute particles, which means that the concentration inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside. A hypotonic solution causes the cell to swell in size. The second term, hypersonic, is the solution that contains higher concentration of solute particles, which means that the concentration of the cell is less than that outside the cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A hypersonic solution causes the cell to shrink in size. Lastly, the third term, isotonic, is the solution in which the cell stays the same, which means concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, so water enters and exits the cell equally resulting in equilibrium. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this lab is to identify each egg in its relative concentration of solute particles of different lotions as either a hypotonic, a hypersonic, or an isotonic solution based on the change in each eggs mass from time 0 to time 60 in minutes. With that, ones aim is to find the concentration of the unknown solution given by the instructor, and to identify at which point an isotonic solution occurs. HYPOTHESIS: If an egg is placed in a hypotonic solution, then the egg will increase in water mass and swell. If an egg is placed in a hypersonic solution, then the egg will decrease in water mass and shrink. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE: In order to proceed in the experiment, the following materials were obtained: 6 e-shelled eggs Scale Weighing trays Paper towels Timer Beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, sucrose and an unknown solution To begin this experiment, first each group was given six De- shelled eggs, a scale, weighing trays, paper towels, a timer, and beakers of solutions containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. To get this lab started, the scale was first plugged in. Once the scale was plugged and ready for use, we placed the weighing trays on the scale and tarred it to zero, so that the trays weight wouldnt have any impact on the weights of the eggs. After the weighing trays were tarred, each egg was placed atop the trays and the initial weight of the eggs were measured and recorded in lab notebooks under results in Table 1 Chart. Correspondingly, each of the six De-shelled eggs were placed in the various solution concentrations, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose, and an unknown solution. After being merged in the various concentration solutions for fifteen minutes, the eggs were then taken out of the beaker-filled solutions, patted dry with paper towels, and weighed. The new weights of the eggs were again recorded in lab notebooks under Table 1 Chart. This process was repeated in fifteen minutes intervals from time zero to time 60 minutes. Thereafter, the values in the chart for Table 2 was calculated by subtracting the weight at any time intervals 15, 30, 45, or 60, from the initial weight to get the total change with respect to time. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases (Campbell Biology pig. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process. It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypersonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The environment a cell is in will determine its tonic which is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight (Campbell Biology pig. 133). In a hypersonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die (Campbell Biology pig. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration. So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, Water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and else (burst) (Campbell Biology pig. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypersonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell. A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span. The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with mol of tap water, the second will be filed with mol of 20% sucrose, the third with mol of sucrose, the fourth with mol of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with mol of tap water also. The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water. Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, looted, and weighed again before returning them back into their respective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypersonic solution. These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of he artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same. Because of this, osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of sucrose. The solution is a hypersonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag. As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypersonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic solutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypersonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same. The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the incineration gradient (General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pig. -1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected. All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypersonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an isotonic solution it will stay the same. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper Living organisms tend towards balance with their environment. Cells achieve this through diffusion. This is the random movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. During osmosis, water molecules diffuse through the membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential until equilibrium is reached. (1) In this lab, the idea was to see how the mass changed as osmosis occurred and water flowed into or out of the potato. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis was If the sucrose levels in the water are high, then the osmosis will occur at a less frequent rate. However, if the concentration of the solution is less than that of the potato (like in distilled water), then the mass of the potato will increase. Independent and Dependent Variable: The independent variable in this lab was the sucrose concentration. The dependent variable in this lab was the mass of the potato slice. Control Group and Controlled Variables: The control group included the cup that was just water, no sucrose. To ensure hat the experiment was valid, we had to control several things to make SUre that the conditions and results would be the same. These variables were the time the potato strips were in the solution, the amount of solution the potato strips were immersed in, the size of the potato strips, the types of cups, and the temperature in the room. Materials: In this lab the materials that we used were potatoes, sucrose solution, balance scale, paper towels, plastic cups, and a plastic knife. Procedure: First, we were to prepare a stock solution of 1. MM sucrose. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then we repeated these past steps for the other sucrose solutions. After each set of potato slice was soaked for 25-30 minutes, we removed them from the cups and blotted them gently on a paper towel. Finally, their final mass was recorded and we were able to calculate the percent change in mass. Data Collection: observed that the potatoes that showed a positive change in mass looked more swollen, and the potatoes that showed a negative change in mass looked more shrunken. All of the potatoes, however, were soggy and slimy. Conclusion: Based on the lab results, you are able to conclude that the more sucrose a incineration has, the less osmosis takes place. Also, after a certain amount of sucrose concentration, osmosis begins to work in the opposite way. One is able to conclude this because in the graph above, the first few intervals show that overall the potato strips gained mass, meaning that more water went into the cells, but then they begin losing mass, meaning water left the cells. In the hypothesis we said that as the sucrose concentration increased, the mass of the potatoes would decrease and it did. We also said that when the concentration of he solution was less than the concentration of the potato, the mass would increase, and we can see an increase in mass for concentrations of 0. 0 M sucrose (distilled water), 0. 2 M sucrose, and 0. 4 M sucrose. From this, we can conclude that the potato has a sucrose concentration of greater that 0. 4 M. Osmosis occurs when there is a concentration gradient, and water flows from a high to low concentration. In solutions that had no sucrose, there are high concentrations of water, especially when compared to a potato, so water would go into the potato. While solutions with high sucrose concentrations had low water concentration, and so water would leave the potato and try to balance the amount of sucrose. The method of this experiment had a few issues, especially because we had to change parts of the procedure to adapt to the classroom setting. Instead of each group testing five of their won potato slices, we shared answers. This caused problems and limitations because each potato slice may have been very different in size, causing there to be different rates of osmosis. Osmosis Lab Report Sample Osmosis Lab Report Paper The result was that the more sucrose in the bag, the greater the final mass. Introduction: The reasons for doing this lab are so that we can learn about osmosis with a model similar to a cell and so that we can have a better understanding of the process and nature of osmosis. Osmosis is diffusion but with water molecules. A concentration gradient exists and because of this, diffusion of solutes cant happen. Very select things can pass in and out, such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In this situation, a large molecule of starch would be dissolved in eater because the molecule is too big to fit through the membranes pores. Since the membrane in permeable to water molecules, it causes the water molecules to diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. This movement itself is osmosis. To determine if the concentration of solutions is isotonic (solute is equal to the cell), hypotonic (solute is lower outside of the cell), or hypersonic (solute is higher outside of the cell), you measure the total amount of particles in the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My hypothesis is: if the alkalis tubing that is filled with sucrose solution and fully emerged in a beaker of distilled water, then the water will seep into the dialysis tubing and the tubing will become a greater mass. The independent variables in this lab are the beakers of distilled water, and the amount of sucrose (0. 2-1 MM). The dependent variables are the final mass of the bag, the change in the mass of the bag, and % change in the mass of the bag. The control is the amount of sucrose solution and distilled water (ml). Methods and Materials: 1. Time Period: * One class period (approximately Air and mini) 2. Subject Studied: * % Change in the mass of the bag 3. Materials Used: * 6 beakers * 1 funnel * CACM soaked dialysis tubing * 12 pieces of string * Balances * Distilled water * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 mom 0. MM sucrose solution * Mimi 0. MM Sucrose Solution * 1 Iron 0. MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi 1 -MM Sucrose Solution * Mimi Distilled water 4. Procedure: * Number the beakers 1-6. * Gently rub the dialysis tubing between your fingers to open the tubing up. Tie one end of the tubing with a piece of string and fill the tubing with water to test and see if it leaks. Empty out the tubing. Repeat for all six of the dialysis tubing. * Use the medicine cup given to you to measure out ml of each of the solutions and put into its corresponding dialysis bag: Bag to be put in cup # Solution to be put in bag I 1 | Distilled Water I 2 | 0. MM Sucrose I 3 | 0. MM Sucrose I 4 | 0. MM sucrose I 5 | 0. MM Sucrose I 6 | 1. MM Sucrose I * Rinse out the medicine cup between solution uses. Dont forget to gently squeeze out the excess air in bags. * Tie off the other end of all dialysis tubing with a piece of string. Run the bag under water for just a moment. After, gently squeeze the bag to check if it is leaking. If theres a leak, be sure to retie it tightly/ tighter. * Dry the outside of the tubing with a paper towel and use the balance to measure the mass of all 6 bags separately. Record the masses. * Place the bags into their corresponding beakers and fill the beakers with distilled water enough that the dialysis tubing is completely submerged in the distilled water. Wait 30 minutes to let osmosis happen. * After the times up, remove the bag from the beakers, wipe off excess liquid gently, and record the bags masses separately. Record the masses. For all solutions, subtract the initial mass from the final mass to get the change in mass of the bag. Record the positive or negative results. * For all solutions, take the results from the last step and divide it by the initial mass, then multiply it by 1 00 to get the percent change in mass for each bag. Record the percentages. * Calculate the class average % change in mass for each solution. Record results. Results: Discussion: The data is stating that the mass has risen after the 30 minute time period. Osmosis has occurred, because the water molecules have diffused into the dialysis tubing. I have concluded that my hypothesis was correct, since the date reinforces that the mass is greater after being put into the beakers of distilled water. Some sources of error couldve been when we found out that one of our bags was leaking, another would be when the sucrose solution was spilled out of the dialysis tubing and it got all over the outside and we mightnt not wiped off all of the solution off. More errors could be not covering the bags completely with distilled water or not leaving the bags in the beakers for exactly 30 minutes. Some modification that could be made to the lab to improve it could be having he same length of tubing/string, and stopwatches for timing 30 minutes exactly. Also, putting the tubing in at the same time so the timing is all on point could help with accuracy. Questions that came to mind during this lab were; Is the timing correct and how much will it affect the results? Are the solutions of sucrose sitting in the bags waiting while we fill the others going to change/be affected? Are any of the bags leaking or have any excess solution outside of the bag?